以色列與巴勒斯坦的血腥暴力史,在很多人的記憶中,就像是打了一輩子,從來沒停過。就算是在國際調停下,短暫停火,鏡頭前握手言和,但總是不久之後,又重起勃谿,巴人自殺炸彈、引來以色列重兵還擊,一遍又一遍的不斷循環。到底以巴之間,有沒有解?要回答這個問題,或許必須要先釐清,以巴之間的恩仇,所為何來?他們到底是什麼時候,結下的樑子?兩邊爭得又是什麼?
喊著反猶太口號,一群不知哪裡冒出來的兒童和少年,對著戰車丟石塊,打完就溜,不需要旁白解釋,這一幅景象,已經說明了這裡是中東。 從1987年巴勒斯坦人發動投石起義開始,石頭對抗坦克的強烈反差,透過新聞畫面,向國際放送,突顯了巴人坐困愁城的絕望,也激起伊斯蘭世界的同仇敵愾,但在邊界另一頭,換個觀點,同樣的悲劇也在同時上演。
21歲巴勒斯坦青年,混在特拉維夫的市集人群裡,引爆身上的炸藥,瞬間奪走9名以色列人的性命,1命抵9命,復仇的短暫甜蜜,激進派的巴勒斯坦人認為值得,用盛大葬禮和金錢犒賞家屬,號召後人前仆後繼,冤冤相報的暴力輪迴,也從此啟動。
二戰結束後,以色列建國,引爆和鄰近阿拉伯國家的一連串戰火,是近代以巴紛擾的根源,但回溯到更早歷史,從西元2世紀以來,就散居歐洲各地的猶太人,由於在19世紀末,受到俄國等東歐國家當局的屠殺與迫害,逐漸興起猶太人獨立建國思潮,也就是所謂的錫安主義。猶太人大量自發性地移民到巴勒斯坦地區,當時統治巴勒斯坦的鄂圖曼帝國,同意接納這群人,不過新移民和原本的舊住民之間,卻悄悄醞釀排外情緒。
以巴紛爭,爭的是一塊地,所謂的巴勒斯坦,是從羅馬時代就開始使用的地域名稱,包含了現在的以色列、西岸、迦薩地區,還有部份的約旦、黎巴嫩、敘利亞領土。 在以色列人眼中,這裡是希伯來聖經裡以色列王國所在地,也是上帝賦予猶太人的應許之地,不過對回教族群來說,巴勒斯坦這塊地在中世紀之後,超過500年的時間都屬於鄂圖曼帝國統治範圍,也就是說,阿拉伯人才是原住民。
扭轉世局的兩次世界大戰,也是引爆以巴問題的導火線,鄂圖曼帝國在戰後崩解,受託照料巴勒斯坦的英國,治理無方,族群對立情形不斷惡化,1947年,聯合國決議將巴勒斯坦地區一分為二,猶太人和阿拉伯族裔分別建立自己的國家,這個看似公平美好的願景,不幸的是,在60多年後,依舊無法實現。
1948年,聯合國仲裁後後的第2年,以色列宣佈建國,激怒了巴勒斯坦地區的阿拉伯人,也就是如今通稱的巴勒斯坦人,巴人對於只佔人口少數的猶太人,竟然分到過半的領土,感到極度不滿,武力抗爭也就一觸即發,戰火從一開始的內戰,延燒成泛阿拉伯世界對以色列的圍剿,1948年到2006年之間,中東地區至少6場戰爭,都是為了巴勒斯坦問題而打,中東,從此演變為國際爭端的火藥庫,激進主義更趁亂坐大,煽動仇恨,對外輸出恐怖活動。
以巴問題,衍生成世局動亂的根源,國際社會為了化解干戈而做的外交努力,也從未停止過。 1978年,卡特斡旋,埃及總理沙達特和以色列總理比金,簽下的大衛營協定,1993年,柯林頓出面,阿拉法特和拉賓握手達成的奧斯陸協議,先後都受到了諾貝爾獎和平獎肯定,可見外界對以巴停火,握手言和的殷切期盼。 只不過,巴勒斯坦這塊地,牽扯太多的歷史情結,敏感的耶路撒冷聖城歸屬問題、歐美國家對猶太人的補償心理,還有現實的水資源分配問題,都讓和談過程千頭萬緒,走走停停,以巴和平所需要的,似乎已經超乎人為的努力,更關鍵的,恐怕還是天時地利。
(民視新聞查修傑專題報導)
貓讓人類渺小而卑微的終極必殺技,是她可以睡在盒子裡,讓你感覺她在賣席夢絲
我和我鄙夷的對象,原來距離如此接近
永遠不需要向別人解釋你自己,因為喜歡你的人不需要,不喜歡你的人不會相信。
The Trick Is Keep Breathing
GLORY TO THE SHINING REMOVER OF DARKNESS
順順走, 慢慢來, 自得其樂, 不留痕跡
美韓軍演一波波,北韓聲討李明博叛賊,新聞稿如下:
李明博政權向朝鮮同胞的胸口"開槍放炮插匕首",實在令人恨之入骨,且看北韓的"正義鐵拳",將向仇人發出咆哮!!...........................真是經典啊!
說到我想去的地方,那就厲害了,藍天白雲,椰林樹影,水清砂白,坐落於印度洋上的世外桃源:馬爾代夫...也鬧政變了啊
Distraction is the only thing that consoles us for our miseries, and yet it is itself the greatest of our miseries.
--- French philosopher Blaise Pascal
it’s not nice to piss you off. and i know. but i was poking and sort of prodding, and kinda hoping, and always watching, for a reaction.
--- The Indie Queens are Waiting
Baby don't you know that it is understood, if you take away the sunshine, you also take away the starlight.
--- Architecture in Helsinki
我們自以為在演洛基,KO了就能光榮謝幕,沒想到門一踹卻是打不完殭屍,而我只有一把散彈槍,和一條OK蹦...
很奇怪,"魔球"裡最感人的兩幕,一個是小布聽女兒在樂器店裡唱歌,一個是小布在車裡聽女兒唱歌.......是誰說這是棒球片的?
Life is a Maze, Love is a Riddle.
活得好,不外乎:吃好丶睡好。除此之外,沒別的了。
年少時候,我們追求無限可能,複雜難懂的東西,例如愛情;年老之後,我們嚮往回歸原點,單純實在的東西,例如信仰..........和金錢。
修身,齊家,治國,平天下,僅做到一項,吾願足矣。有誰能做到全部,恭喜你...........ㄟ,醫生啊,這裡有病人。
And I want to be like lovers in an old romantic song, where the music fades away before the love it can go wrong.
--- jill barber
Young Galaxy, We have everything
Fance - Full Speed Ahead
The Book of Joe
我和我鄙夷的對象,原來距離如此接近
永遠不需要向別人解釋你自己,因為喜歡你的人不需要,不喜歡你的人不會相信。
The Trick Is Keep Breathing
GLORY TO THE SHINING REMOVER OF DARKNESS
順順走, 慢慢來, 自得其樂, 不留痕跡
美韓軍演一波波,北韓聲討李明博叛賊,新聞稿如下:
李明博政權向朝鮮同胞的胸口"開槍放炮插匕首",實在令人恨之入骨,且看北韓的"正義鐵拳",將向仇人發出咆哮!!...........................真是經典啊!
說到我想去的地方,那就厲害了,藍天白雲,椰林樹影,水清砂白,坐落於印度洋上的世外桃源:馬爾代夫...也鬧政變了啊
Distraction is the only thing that consoles us for our miseries, and yet it is itself the greatest of our miseries.
--- French philosopher Blaise Pascal
it’s not nice to piss you off. and i know. but i was poking and sort of prodding, and kinda hoping, and always watching, for a reaction.
--- The Indie Queens are Waiting
Baby don't you know that it is understood, if you take away the sunshine, you also take away the starlight.
--- Architecture in Helsinki
我們自以為在演洛基,KO了就能光榮謝幕,沒想到門一踹卻是打不完殭屍,而我只有一把散彈槍,和一條OK蹦...
很奇怪,"魔球"裡最感人的兩幕,一個是小布聽女兒在樂器店裡唱歌,一個是小布在車裡聽女兒唱歌.......是誰說這是棒球片的?
Life is a Maze, Love is a Riddle.
活得好,不外乎:吃好丶睡好。除此之外,沒別的了。
年少時候,我們追求無限可能,複雜難懂的東西,例如愛情;年老之後,我們嚮往回歸原點,單純實在的東西,例如信仰..........和金錢。
修身,齊家,治國,平天下,僅做到一項,吾願足矣。有誰能做到全部,恭喜你...........ㄟ,醫生啊,這裡有病人。
And I want to be like lovers in an old romantic song, where the music fades away before the love it can go wrong.
--- jill barber
Young Galaxy, We have everything
Fance - Full Speed Ahead
The Book of Joe
2.11.2009
8.31.2008
核問題 其實是主權問題
2008/08/09
伊朗核問題談判,上星期又跨越了一個所謂的最後期限,歐美強權國家依然沒有得到想要的答案,德黑蘭對於凍結核計畫的要求,只給了一頁文件做為回應,要求西方國家先回答伊朗的問題,然後伊朗才會回答外界的質疑。對於伊朗官方草率的回應,自認為仁至義盡的美國,表達高度不滿,白宮官員已經開始針對安理會常任成員國,展開遊說,希望對伊朗發動第四波的制裁措施。而另一方面,宿敵以色列在伊朗的拖延戰術之下,是否會耐不住性子,獨自採取軍事行動,也讓中東持續籠罩著戰爭陰影。
收到伊朗對凍結核計畫方案的回應,美國駐聯合國代表,失望寫在臉上:「令人失望,對方顯然無意回應。我們已經在安理會五加一的架構下,商討對策。」
美國失望,不能說沒有原因。為了讓伊朗停止擴張核活動,美方上個月壓低身段,不但派代表參與歐美對德黑蘭的多邊談判,還暗示願意重啟兩國中斷三十多年的外交往來,在德黑蘭設立辦事處。華府或許自認做出了重大讓步,但可惜的是,伊朗人並不領情。
伊朗總統艾馬丹加:「我們提出建議給西方國家,他們也提出建議給我們。他們有想法,我們也有想法。」以色列副總理莫法茲:「我們必須讓伊朗清楚知道,我們不會讓他們坐擁核武,因為那是對以色列國家存在的威脅。」
美英法俄中、五個安理會常任理事國,加上德國,六強還在研商對付德黑蘭的下一步,伊朗在中東的死對頭,以色列,卻已經沈不住氣,頻頻向美方喊話,不可能坐視伊朗在談判桌上拖延時間,暗中打造核子武器。
以色列副總理莫法茲:「我們不容許猶太人再次遭到大屠殺。」伊朗總統艾馬丹加:「巴勒斯坦新形式的攻擊,將毀滅猶太國家。他們積極地投入對抗以色列,我樂見其成。」
伊朗與以色列互撂狠話,每每牽動中東情勢,和油價波動,讓人以為兩國之間,有著多少深仇舊恨,事實上,以色列和伊朗原本不但不是敵國,還是盟友,一九四八年以色列建國時,伊朗是最早承認的國家之一,直到一九七九年,伊朗發生伊斯蘭革命,柯梅尼建立神權統治,兩國關係才轉趨惡化,而現任總統艾馬丹加上任以來,揚言要讓以色列從地圖上消失,以伊關係更是幾度瀕臨交戰狀態。
伊朗總統艾馬丹加:「世人必須了解,伊朗不會屈服於壓力,放棄應有權利。」伊朗核問題,起因於兩千零三年,國際原能總署發現伊朗沒有據實申報核子活動,聯合國安理會在美國主導下,五年來對伊朗進行了三波制裁,卻絲毫無法動搖伊朗擁核決心,事實上,國際打壓反而凝聚了伊朗國內民族意識,不少伊朗人將發展核能等同於國家尊嚴。
伊朗民眾:「身為伊朗人,我對國家發展核能給予堅定不移的支持。」德黑蘭大學藍馬迪教授:「伊朗人不會接受什麼期限,因為伊朗人不會屈服於強權。只要好好談,我們願意讓步,但要我們放棄既有權利,辦不到。」
發展核能,供民生用電,並不違反國際核子規範,問題在於伊朗正在進行的濃縮鈾活動,既是核能發電一環,也是核武發展的前兆,在美國和以色列,對德黑蘭高度不信任,而伊朗國內反美氣氛高張之下,更多的單方面制裁,恐怕無助於釐清伊朗的核計畫真相,只怕增加了錯估形勢、貿然出兵的戰爭風險。
(民視新聞查修傑專題報導)
伊朗核問題談判,上星期又跨越了一個所謂的最後期限,歐美強權國家依然沒有得到想要的答案,德黑蘭對於凍結核計畫的要求,只給了一頁文件做為回應,要求西方國家先回答伊朗的問題,然後伊朗才會回答外界的質疑。對於伊朗官方草率的回應,自認為仁至義盡的美國,表達高度不滿,白宮官員已經開始針對安理會常任成員國,展開遊說,希望對伊朗發動第四波的制裁措施。而另一方面,宿敵以色列在伊朗的拖延戰術之下,是否會耐不住性子,獨自採取軍事行動,也讓中東持續籠罩著戰爭陰影。
收到伊朗對凍結核計畫方案的回應,美國駐聯合國代表,失望寫在臉上:「令人失望,對方顯然無意回應。我們已經在安理會五加一的架構下,商討對策。」
美國失望,不能說沒有原因。為了讓伊朗停止擴張核活動,美方上個月壓低身段,不但派代表參與歐美對德黑蘭的多邊談判,還暗示願意重啟兩國中斷三十多年的外交往來,在德黑蘭設立辦事處。華府或許自認做出了重大讓步,但可惜的是,伊朗人並不領情。
伊朗總統艾馬丹加:「我們提出建議給西方國家,他們也提出建議給我們。他們有想法,我們也有想法。」以色列副總理莫法茲:「我們必須讓伊朗清楚知道,我們不會讓他們坐擁核武,因為那是對以色列國家存在的威脅。」
美英法俄中、五個安理會常任理事國,加上德國,六強還在研商對付德黑蘭的下一步,伊朗在中東的死對頭,以色列,卻已經沈不住氣,頻頻向美方喊話,不可能坐視伊朗在談判桌上拖延時間,暗中打造核子武器。
以色列副總理莫法茲:「我們不容許猶太人再次遭到大屠殺。」伊朗總統艾馬丹加:「巴勒斯坦新形式的攻擊,將毀滅猶太國家。他們積極地投入對抗以色列,我樂見其成。」
伊朗與以色列互撂狠話,每每牽動中東情勢,和油價波動,讓人以為兩國之間,有著多少深仇舊恨,事實上,以色列和伊朗原本不但不是敵國,還是盟友,一九四八年以色列建國時,伊朗是最早承認的國家之一,直到一九七九年,伊朗發生伊斯蘭革命,柯梅尼建立神權統治,兩國關係才轉趨惡化,而現任總統艾馬丹加上任以來,揚言要讓以色列從地圖上消失,以伊關係更是幾度瀕臨交戰狀態。
伊朗總統艾馬丹加:「世人必須了解,伊朗不會屈服於壓力,放棄應有權利。」伊朗核問題,起因於兩千零三年,國際原能總署發現伊朗沒有據實申報核子活動,聯合國安理會在美國主導下,五年來對伊朗進行了三波制裁,卻絲毫無法動搖伊朗擁核決心,事實上,國際打壓反而凝聚了伊朗國內民族意識,不少伊朗人將發展核能等同於國家尊嚴。
伊朗民眾:「身為伊朗人,我對國家發展核能給予堅定不移的支持。」德黑蘭大學藍馬迪教授:「伊朗人不會接受什麼期限,因為伊朗人不會屈服於強權。只要好好談,我們願意讓步,但要我們放棄既有權利,辦不到。」
發展核能,供民生用電,並不違反國際核子規範,問題在於伊朗正在進行的濃縮鈾活動,既是核能發電一環,也是核武發展的前兆,在美國和以色列,對德黑蘭高度不信任,而伊朗國內反美氣氛高張之下,更多的單方面制裁,恐怕無助於釐清伊朗的核計畫真相,只怕增加了錯估形勢、貿然出兵的戰爭風險。
(民視新聞查修傑專題報導)
6.06.2007
Arab-Israeli conflict
(from Wikipedia)
History of the conflict
Main article: History of the Arab-Israeli conflict
[edit] End of 19th century-1948
A declared Jewish immigration into the Land of Israel, Palestine under the Ottoman rule (and later under British mandate), combined with the economic changes in the land, which in turn contributed to a large Arab immigration, increased tensions between the Jewish population and the Arab population in the region.[5][6]
By the end of World War II, the conflict became a major international issue. The United Nations, the United States, and the Soviet Union were determined to initiate a two-state solution. The UN mandated partition was put into effect in 1948, but was rejected by the Palestinians and many Arab states.[7]
Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948. Almost immediately, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan, and Iraq declared war on the nascent nation. By the conclusion of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Israel had greatly expanded its borders, and signed ceasefire agreements with all its Arab neighbors.[8]
[edit] 1949-June 11, 1967
In 1949, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contradiction to the terms of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this action also constituted a violation of the Rhodes armistice agreement.[9][10] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping.[11]
Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British and French support. During the Suez Canal Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The United States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire,[11][12] which secured open shipping in the region, complete Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, and the total demilitarization of the Sinai. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was deployed to oversee said demilitarization.[13]. The UNEF was only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.[14]
On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[15] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula.[16] It then closed the straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[17][18] catapulting the region back to the pre-1956 status quo. On May 30, 1967, Jordan entered into the mutual defense pact between Egypt and Syria. President Nasser declared: "Our basic objective is the destruction of Israel. The Arab people want to fight."[19]
In response, on June 5 Israel sent almost all of its planes on a preemptive mission in Egypt. The Israeli Air Force (AIF) destroyed most of the surprised Egyptian Air Force, then turned east to pulverize the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.[20] This strike was the crucial element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War.[16][18
June 12, 1967-1973
In the summer of 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be:
No recognition of the State of Israel.
No peace with Israel.
No negotiations with Israel.[21]
In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, with the goal of exhausting Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula.[22] The war ended following Nasser's death in 1970.
On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, overwhelming the surprised Israeli military.[23][24] The Yom Kippur War accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war, secured a ceasefire on October 25.[23][24]
History of the conflict
Main article: History of the Arab-Israeli conflict
[edit] End of 19th century-1948
A declared Jewish immigration into the Land of Israel, Palestine under the Ottoman rule (and later under British mandate), combined with the economic changes in the land, which in turn contributed to a large Arab immigration, increased tensions between the Jewish population and the Arab population in the region.[5][6]
By the end of World War II, the conflict became a major international issue. The United Nations, the United States, and the Soviet Union were determined to initiate a two-state solution. The UN mandated partition was put into effect in 1948, but was rejected by the Palestinians and many Arab states.[7]
Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948. Almost immediately, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan, and Iraq declared war on the nascent nation. By the conclusion of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Israel had greatly expanded its borders, and signed ceasefire agreements with all its Arab neighbors.[8]
[edit] 1949-June 11, 1967
In 1949, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contradiction to the terms of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this action also constituted a violation of the Rhodes armistice agreement.[9][10] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping.[11]
Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British and French support. During the Suez Canal Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The United States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire,[11][12] which secured open shipping in the region, complete Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, and the total demilitarization of the Sinai. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was deployed to oversee said demilitarization.[13]. The UNEF was only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.[14]
On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[15] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula.[16] It then closed the straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[17][18] catapulting the region back to the pre-1956 status quo. On May 30, 1967, Jordan entered into the mutual defense pact between Egypt and Syria. President Nasser declared: "Our basic objective is the destruction of Israel. The Arab people want to fight."[19]
In response, on June 5 Israel sent almost all of its planes on a preemptive mission in Egypt. The Israeli Air Force (AIF) destroyed most of the surprised Egyptian Air Force, then turned east to pulverize the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.[20] This strike was the crucial element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War.[16][18
June 12, 1967-1973
In the summer of 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be:
No recognition of the State of Israel.
No peace with Israel.
No negotiations with Israel.[21]
In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, with the goal of exhausting Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula.[22] The war ended following Nasser's death in 1970.
On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, overwhelming the surprised Israeli military.[23][24] The Yom Kippur War accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war, secured a ceasefire on October 25.[23][24]
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